Hey guys,
If for some reason you happened to read my steemit account page maybe it occurred to you that I have cited a quote of Marcus Aurelius on there:
It is not death that a man should fear, but he should fear never beginning to live.
- Marcus Aurelius, Meditations
But what does this mean and who is this guy anyway? Well let me give you a short introduction.
As a matter of fact I am rather philosophically interested -not professionally but at least casually- and quite fond of classical works on ethics and practical philosophy ranging from antiquity to modern times. Judging from a historical perspective it is hard not to acknowledge the hellenistic philosophy in particular for constituting the foundation for the entire cultural hemisphere of the western world after all.
And as it turns out, in many people's opinion Marcus Aurelius represents the most famous adherent or even the pinnacle of one of the major (and my favourite) schools of hellenistic philosophy - the so-called stoicism.
The origins
Nowadays we know stoicism mainly by its connotation as a feature of character such as one might use the tem stoic to describe an indifferent and emotionless attitude but this hardly does stoicism's philosophical legacy justice.
Contrary to abstract and metaphysical aspects of many schools of thought stoicism has since its very inception always been focussed on applying logic and reasoning to derive practical ethics. It all began in the earliest days of western culture itself in ancient Greece when pensive people facing the usual burdens of their time gathered to discuss and asked the question of how to achieve a good life.
Not surprisingly not all adherents of stoicism were 'professional' philosophers first and foremost but 'ordinary' people coming from diverse origins unified by their contemplation about the good life and the existential struggles of mankind. Reflections about the pursuit of happiness or self-determination in the face of fate are almost defining concepts of stoicism and at the heart of many famous thinkers who contributed to this discipline.
Their philosophical lineage extends somewhat irregularily from antiquity to present with a strong focus on the greco-roman period and probably the most influential authors being:
- Zeno of Citium was a greek merchant who met and discussed with his students at the stoa (covered walkway) on the agora (public/market place) of Athens. This is how the name stoicism originated.
- Seneca the Younger was a famous Roman statesman, author and playwright.
- Epictetus was a slave born Greek who eventually taught philosophy in Rome, founded a philosophical school and became a friend of emperor Hadrian.
- Marcus Aurelius was the last 'good' Roman emperor before the Imperium Romanum fell into political instability and eventual decline.
- Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche are two of the most important German philosophers who -although not exclusively stoic- iterated and developed integral stoic ideas on freedom of will and embracing fate.
- ...
Marcus Aurelius is often consired as the stoic philosopher because not only was he one of his kind from the creatively fertile greco-roman period and he aggregated thoughts of his predecessors in his seminal work "Meditations", but also he upheld many philosophical ideals and philantropy in general during his time as emperor granting him the reputation of a 'philosopher king'. In fact his reign fell into a politically turbulent time with Aurelius spending his last decades almost exclusively in field camps along the empires easten border in defensive military campaigns against the Parthians and various Germanic tribes where he also wrote his works.
The essence of stoicism
When it comes to practical ethics, the quintessence of stoicism mostly boils down to 3 important principles which one should strive for:
- Perception: maintaining a presence of mind to clearly and objectively perceive the world around us
- Will: accepting the fate, external factors and things we can't change as given conditions without unfruitful regret, fear, despair and so on
- Action: taking action and changing the things we can change starting with but not being limited to our own view of the world
Being stoic does not mean being emotionless but on the contrary stoics argued that following these guidelines in a measured, rational way would be the only reliable path to cultivate joy and happiness. Their reasoning is that to achieve peace of mind one should discard emotional disturbances that arise from contemplating about something that is beyond one's control.
To me this epitomizes almost timeless rules for practical ethics that can be just as applicable today as they were in the past. And this is also the reason for me to write about this topic in general. Anyone can have an existential crisis from time to time and it is reassuring to know that many clever people in history have already come up with very refined thoughts that can also help us to face the challenges of modern time.
So what does Marcus Aurelius advise in his quote from above? It is a aspect of what I've just told you:
In the end death is just as inevitable and natural as birth which is why there is no use in fearing it. But making the most of the time given to us is an endeavour that we can and should aim for. Failing to do so is something we have to fear...
In that spirit:
Thanks for reading and a Happy New Year to you all! (I know I'm a bit late)
I think stoicism can have really positive effects on people's lives. The way we perceive things and interact with the world has a huge amount of influence over our satisfaction and happiness. It is the objectivity and ability to let things beyond our control go that makes stoics able to cope with some of the worst tragedy.
Stoicism is a healthy way of looking at life. It definitely cultivates happiness, but it's just too bad not all people succeed or allow themselves to have that discipline just like how I discussed it in my recent post, for some people always seek immediate pleasure in life in fear of actually doing something which could completely take them away from any concept of stoicism...
Thanks for this post. I think Stoicism does still have a use for the modern man. If not in the whole at least in spurts every now and then. i casually started getting into phlosophy about a year ago. I plan to write an article about the 5 basics branches of a philosophy: metaphysics, epistemology ethics, politics and aesthetics
Thank you for your article. For the first time I realise I missed a little but important part of stoicism. One of my best friends sees himself as stoic and he talks about it if we talk about life. The thing is he doesnt change a thing in his life unless it is made necessary by outside factors. So I was a bit suprised to read here about changing what you can. My smart friend will no longer have an argument to not change what he wants to change.
Indeed , the main idea is interesting and the way we approach the subject is different from man to man . It may be helaty for us but some facts are not just as simple they look . What i am saying is that we should think more about our actions and concequences we will recieve .
Citing: "In the end death is just as inevitable and natural as birth which is why there is no use in fearing it. But making the most of the time given to us is an endeavour that we can and should aim for. Failing to do so is something we have to fear..."
A spot on finishing paragraph claps
I've really enjoyed reading this, thank you, you have a +1 follower!
Learned a lot from this! Thank you!
and so the closing prayer of AA was born! a solid path to follow & sound advice for living today. thanks for sharing!
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Nice post. Your post is awesome. The sculptures are fantastic art work, keep it up. I follow and upvote you.
Before I get into the meat of my reply I would like to thank you for taking the time and effort to create this post and, while there are things that I am going to critique, it was a pleasure to read about Stoicism and may Fortune see Stoicism spread.
In a sense this is correct but it does not give the full picture of Stoic thought. Stoic ethics, at its core, is a naturalistic ethics. The Encyclopedia Brittannica defines naturalistic ethics, or ethical naturalism, as "the view that moral terms, concepts, or properties are ultimately definable in terms of facts about the natural world, including facts about human beings, human nature, and human societies.". If Stoic ethics are a form of ethical naturalism then it stands to reason that studied nature in both its physical and metaphysical aspects. An example of the former is Seneca's Naturales Quaestiones and example of the latter is the Stoic concept of Logos which is described as "The cosmos itself is a living being, and its rational principle (Logos) is identified with aether, or the Stoic Fire...Consequently, God is immanent in the universe, and it is in fact identified with the creative cosmic " by Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
As such, Stoic Ethics emanate from Stoic Physics which relies on Stoic Logic as a vehicle of understanding.
However, Stoicism, when viewed by modern people, does indeed on focus on the Ethics.
While Epictetus began teaching in Rome he set up his school of philosophy in Nicopolis in Greece where he spent his life after Domitian banished all philosophers from Rome. Again, while this point is not technically incorrect it is not wholly correct either.
I have found no evidence that Emporer Hadrian and Epictetus were friends. There, however, is a connection between the two through Arrian. Arrian was the student of Epictetus who composed the Discourses and the Enchiridion, and served in public office under Hadrian (1). If you have information that shows a friendship between Hadrian and Epictetus I would be glad to review it.
Do you have supporting evidence of this. I ask because I personally do not consider him to be the Stoic Philosopher. Rather I see Marcus Aurelius as the most famous practitioner of Stoicism as the Meditations were not meant to be a philosophical treatise but the private ruminations of a man who had no one to talk to.
In you essence of Stoicism, in reality it should be Stoic Ethics, you reference 'change' in the points on Will and Action. However, it should be control as both Will and Action are subject to the Dichotomy of Control. However, if we are to change something we must be in control of that thing in order to change it.
Finally, can you cite your sources.
May Fortune Favor You.