What Is A Dream?

Adults dream for about two hours a night, on an average - that's one-twelfth of their lives, adding up to more than six years of dreaming during an 80-year life. World literature is filled with dreams. Dreams play an outsized role in Shakespeare's plays, from 'Hamlet' and 'Macbeth' to 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'. Old Testament patriarchs were dreamers on a cosmic scale: Jacob dreamed of a ladder leading up to heaven; Joseph got a job interpreting dreams for Pharaoh.

Indeed, explaining dreams has, over the centuries, been a good way to earn a living. In some societies, shamans use dreams to diagnose illness, expose adultery, predict pregnancy and the weather, or locate game. Under the influence of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theories, dreams passed into the domain of the psychiatrist, and many people undergoing analysis spend their 50 minutes unravelling their dreams.

Dreams may seem to have little or nothing to do with physical health, but they are an integral part of sleep and thus are essential to life. We are such stuff as dreams are made on," as Prospero says in The Tempest', yet dreaming remains largely a mystery. That said, we'll try to answer some questions about dreams.

Do dreams disrupt sleep?

No, dreams are a key part of restorative sleep. Sleep has four phases, which we cycle through usually four or five times a night: REM (rapid eye movement) plus three non-REM stages. Most dreaming goes on during the REM stage, when the eyes move under the lids. Dreaming may not seem particularly restful, however, especially if you have nightmares and they occur just before waking.

Does everybody dream?

Except for people with certain brain abnormalities, everyone has REM sleep, during which dreams occur. Of course, people who don't remember their dreams may think they don't dream, but they almost certainly do. Research has found that when people who claimed they never dreamed were monitoured during sleep, their movements and other behaviour strongly indicated they were dreaming during REM sleep.

Does dreaming serve specific purposes?

Humans have long wondered why we dream and whether it serves a purpose — perhaps as a way for us to communicate with the Gods, predict the future, or represent our repressed feelings. There are scores of theories. Modern dream research began with Dr Freud, who thought dreams represented unfulfilled wishes, rooted in unresolved childhood traumas that had been repressed. Carl Jung, another famous dream theorist, thought a dream was 'the small hidden door in the deepest and most intimate sanctum of the soul.'

The truth is that nobody knows for sure why we dream or whether dreams are of any use, but many functions have been proposed. For instance, studies have found that REM sleep (the dreaming stage), in particular, may help people consolidate and reorganize memories so that they can perform cognitive activities better. Other studies suggest that REM sleep may mitigate the intensity of stressful experiences, in part by reducing norepinephrine, a stress-related hormone. This was seen in a 2017study in the 'Journal of Neuroscience', in which students learned to associate an image with a mild electric shock. Brain scans showed that those who spent more time in REM sleep prior to the experiment had reduced You're more likely to recall dreams that are more coherent as well as those that are vivid and cause greater arousal.

How can you better remember dreams?

Some people remember their dreams regularly, without effort, but most of us forget them quickly - or seldom remember them at all unless we are awakened in the middle of one. The brain processes that store memories are largely suppressed during sleep. You're more likely to recall dreams that are more coherent as well as those that are vivid and cause greater arousal. Therapists who want their patients to discuss their dreams may suggest various strategies to increase the chances of recalling them. For instance, tell yourself as you fall asleep that you want to remember your dreams, and keep a notebook or digital device by your bed so you can record them whenever you wake up. It may also help to record the day's events before you fall asleep. When you wake up in the morning, try to do so gradually, in a relaxed manner, and try to hold onto your memories of your dreams, rather than jumping out of bed and getting immediately distracted.

Keep in mind that when people recall and relate dreams, they inevitably shape them, tending to make them more sensible and rational by piecing snippets together and filling in gaps. There's no way to capture a dream while it happens.

What is nightmare?

Typically, nightmares have been seen as dreams that are frightening (like being chased by a monster) and wake people up. Today, nightmares are usually defined as intensely disturbing, rather than just very scary, dreams. It's estimated that up to one-third of adults have at least one nightmare a month, while up to 6% say they experience nightmares every week. In a study in the journal 'Sleep', researchers analyzed the dreams of almost 600 people and it was found that it wasn't fear that made nightmares so emotionally charged, but rather feelings of guilt, disgust, or sadness. Nightmares also often involve death, feeling threatened or health concerns.

Do medications affect dreaming?

Yes. People taking certain medications may experience more vivid or intense dreams, typically in the form of nightmares. Some beta-blockers (used for hypertension) commonly do this. But the list is lengthy and also includes some anti-depressants, corticosteroids (at higher doses), levodopa (for Parkinson's disease), and mefloquine (used to prevent or treat malaria).

Some people may experience increased nightmares when they 'stop' taking certain drugs - including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and, again, certain anti-depressants - especially if this is done abruptly or if the dose is reduced too quickly. In many cases, the drugs affect brain chemicals that influence REM sleep.