韭韭学国学--被误读的仁义

in #cn5 years ago

“仁义”是我们中华民族的传统美德,但是在“个人主义与自由主义”蓬勃发展的今天,“仁义”慢慢失去了它在我们思想领域的统治力。我们现在崇尚个人自由,崇尚自我价值的实现,反对人性的束缚。这些先进的西方思想,带给了我们思考与进步,几十年的发展使我们缩小了与西方的差距,但是东西方文化本身的矛盾,却让很多人出现了迷茫,开始把注意力转向了传统文化。

“仁义”是儒家的核心思想,现在我们提起“仁义”,我们会把它当做一种优秀的品质。比如我们说某个人“仁义”,就是在说他为人善良,仁慈友爱;我们也常常称一个军队为仁义之师,就是说这个军队正义、仁爱,不会惊扰百姓。那么在儒家最初的孔孟思想里,是如何解释这两个字的呢?

孔子的“仁”,与我们现在所说的“仁义”有较大的差别。孔子对“仁”做了深刻的阐述,构成了儒家思想的核心。

子曰:“参乎!吾道一以贯之。”曾子曰:“唯。”子出,门 人问曰:“何谓也?”曾子曰:“夫子之道,忠恕而已矣。” ----《论语·里仁》

孔子认为“仁”就是行“忠恕之道”,那么什么是忠恕之道呢?

忠恕二字分属于“仁“的内外两面,忠是向内而言,指尽己所能,尽心尽力;恕是向外而言,指己所不欲,勿施于人,也可以说是己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人。那么无论是向内尽己所能,还是向外勿施于人。都要有一个行事的准则,如果没有这个准则,那么无论好事坏事,都可以尽心尽力,无论好处坏处,都可以说是勿施于人。这个行事的准则,就叫做”义“,义者,”宜“也,表示适宜的行为,恰如其分的行为,不偏不倚的行为。

所以儒家讲的”仁义“,就是对于应该做的事情,符合”义“的事情,要尽己所能、尽心尽力的去做,对于不应该做的事情,不仅自己不能做,也不能强加给别人。这便是仁义对于个人的要求,这种思想便是儒家思想的核心。

”仁义”是一个很优秀的哲学思想,孔子孟子对于其具体内容也有详细的阐述,比如“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”,比如“中庸之道”。但是由于对于“仁义”的准则定义,不同人产生了不同的理解,加上被政治社会的引导,“仁义”的内容变成了“礼教”。“仁义”也从一个最初的启蒙思想,在后来的朝代慢慢改造成了一个束缚人性的思想。

每一种思想都有时代的精华,也有不合时宜的糟粕,去掉有色眼镜学国学,展示国学本来的面目。kongzi

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