Emmeline Pankhurst (Center) at Suffragette Meeting, Manchester, England, 1908
Credit: Author unknown. From New York Times Photo Archive. Public Domain.
Are you stubborn? If you are, do you wonder if you inherited the trait? I am stubborn. Whatever small success I have had in my life is attributable I am certain to that stubbornness. My mother would tell a story about a time so long ago I can't remember it.
My older siblings used to go off in the afternoons to hike on a mountain that was just beyond our backyard. My mother was preoccupied with an invalid child and an infant, 18 mos. younger than I was. I wanted to go with my siblings, but was too young. My mother tried to keep me home. No matter what she did, I would scream and howl until she let me go with my siblings.
Everything bad that she imagined could happen did happen on that mountain, except that I survived. And yet, the next morning I would get dressed and demand that I be allowed to accompany my siblings. That childhood streak of unreasonable stubbornness has stayed with me to this moment.
Shawungunk, the Trapps from Millbrook Ridge Trail
Credit: Juliancolton. Used under CC 4.0 license. We lived in the foothills of the Shawangunks. 'Our' mountain might have been more modestly proportioned than the one in the picture, but this is how I remember it. Takes my breath away, even now, to look at those cliff faces.
Is there a gene for stubbornness? In 2008 a group of research scientists working at the Max Planck Institute announced they had found one. They published a paper that suggested the trait for stubbornness is inherited on a mutated gene. They further suggested that 30% of all people may be born with the 'stubborn' trait.
A lead author of the study, neurologist Tilmann Klein asked, "Where would we be without those few individuals who refuse to accept defeat and who continue to soldier onwards when common sense tells the rest of mankind that there's no use trying?"
When I read about the report, I thought it likely I might have that gene. While I have accomplished no storied feats in my life, obstinacy is certainly one of my core personality traits. As I read further about the mutation and the gene's expression, it became obvious that the devil is in the details. This always seems to be the case.
D2 Dopamine Receptor
The 2008 report indicated that the real-life expression of the stubbornness gene could be found in D2 dopamine receptors in the brain. People inherit the trait, the study asserted, through an 'A1 mutation'. D2 receptors are located in several places in the brain. They are found at a high density in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle, and to a lower extent in the hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus and cortical regions of the brain.
Striatum (Shown in Red): Location of D2 Receptors in the Brain
Credit: File:BrainCaudatePutamen.svg: userer:Leevanjackson.Derivative work: User:SUM1 Derivative work:
Used under 4.0International License
People who inherit the 'A1' mutation, have D2 receptors that have a decreased sensitivity to dopamine. The difference between people with more D2 receptors and people with less D2 receptors influences their respective responses to making mistakes.
When people with greater sensitivity (with more D2 receptors in their brains) make a mistake, they " are satisfied the first time around that a mistake is a mistake. They do not feel any desire to repeat their actions." However, people who have less dopamine sensitivity (have less of receptors), need to persevere, even after making a mistake. The lack of dopamine prompts them to continue until they achieve their goal.
The authors of the study go so far as to suggest:..." powerful figures such as Lord Nelson, Winston Churchill and suffragette leader Emily Pankhurst most likely had the "never say die" gene, which gave them the gritty determination to continue in times of hardship".
Winston Churchill,1941
Credit: Library Archives, Canada. Public domain. Perhaps Churchill most famous wartime speech was given on June 4, 1941. An excerpt from that speech: ""We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender..."
Winston Churchill? Emmeline Pankhurst? Wow, that's some great gene I seem to have. Or that's what I thought. And then I started to read. Oh no. Abnormalities in D2 receptors are 'associated' with a host of dopamine related issues. Parkinson's. Schizophrenia. Addiction. Substance Abuse.
D2 receptors seem to be mighty powerful actors in the brain. I continued to read and learned that, as a matter of fact, the target of all anti-psychotic drugs is the D2 receptor. The action of the drug is to block dopamine. According to an article published in the National Library of Medicine, "D2 receptor blockade is necessary for an antipsychotic to be effective."
Dopamine Molecule
Credit: Sbrooks. Used under CC license 2.5, 2.0, 1.0. Colour code:
Carbon, C: black
Hydrogen, H: white
Oxygen, O: red
Nitrogen, N: blue
As a matter of fact, it is the dopamine-blocking action on the D2 receptor that causes one of the most distressing side effects of anti-psychotic drugs: tardive dyskinesia.. The drugs 'stick to' the receptor and accumulate there. It is this accumulation that causes the involuntary movements characteristic of tardive dyskinesia.
So much for celebrating the stubbornness gene. I reflected on my own personality and considered the fact that I don't have any addictions, I'm not schizophrenic, have never abused substances at all, and so far do not have Parkinson's disease. I wondered about the reliability of the first study, which posited the existence of a stubbornness gene.
So I read more, of course.
Brain Scan Showing Differences in D2 Receptors: Addicted and Non-addicted Individuals
Credit: Debra P. Davis, U. S. government. Public domain.
A 2016 article in the journal Nature did a meta analysis of several studies that looked at the influence of the gene mutation and its effect on D2 receptors. Further, it evaluated the association between D2 receptor variations and human behavior/pathology. It turns out, the 'associations' are weaker than individual studies may suggest and these 'associations' are not probative of causation.
It seems there is an interplay between neuropsychiatric syndromes and variations in D2 receptors. A quote from the study: "several examples were identified in which the presence of a neuropsychiatric syndrome modified the effects of genetic variants on D2 receptor".
Further analysis revealed a weakened association between the gene expression in D2 as other factors were considered at play. These factors included not only neuropsychiatric conditions, but also gender, age and body mass. The study comes to the conclusion that: "a fuller description of genetic and environmental factors that influence D2 receptor levels and related neurocognitive functions will improve our understanding of neuropsychiatric disease risk, pharmacological response and clinically relevant outcomes."
So, it seems, we cannot credit or blame, unequivocally, or even approximately our genes for variations in personality traits. We may be addicted, but that's not necessarily because we have inherited an A1 mutation. We may be stubborn, but we have to look at a combination of factors to explain that away.
In the end, it seems, we are the product of our genes, our environment and our own peculiar experience on earth. Why did I climb that mountain every day? Maybe it had as much to do with sibling order as genetics. Maybe it had something to do with the fact that my mother was busy, or that she didn't get enough sleep while I was incubating in her womb. The solution to the puzzle of why we are who we are may never be completely clear, but it is interesting to work at the edges of that puzzle.
Sources
Illustrations:
Fractal Accent: @justclickindiva on LIL
Sunset, @muelli on LIL
Research
https://www.cbs.mpg.de/en
https://www.scotsman.com/news/one-three-people-born-stubborn-and-if-you-dont-agree-tough-2471007
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tilmann-Klein
https://www.medindia.net/news/stubbornness-is-ingrained-gene-study-31552-1.htm
https://www.google.com/search?q=Where+are+D2+receptors+located&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwil85rVjr36AhVolIkEHVrZDd8Q1QJ6BAgoEAE&biw=1360&bih=587&dpr=1
https://www.medindia.net/news/stubbornness-is-ingrained-gene-study-31552-1.htm
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-52588148
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2197154/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5137283/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200602110057.htm
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332053/
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/tardive-dyskinesia/
https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201622
Very interesting! Thank you.
I might also have some stubborn personality traits.
Have a great weekend 🙂
Hello @zuerich,
Very nice to see you here. I am not surprised to hear that you have some stubborn personality traits. From reading your blogs I get the sense that you make up your mind about things independently. You do your research, and come to a decision based on that, not on what others think you should believe 😀
This was a fun article to write. As always, I am guarded in accepting conclusions, especially when they are not definitive.
Thanks again for reading and for commenting. Have a peaceful, productive day.
And that is wonderful. 😎
Kind regards .
Hello my friend,
So nice to see you here. I love your comment😂
Very kind regards, @muelli
Good read as always!
This is what mainstream sharticles tend to miss out whenever you read about, say, wine causes cancer, and in the same mainstream breath another article saying wine reduces cancer.
They miss out the finer details to maximize clicks. I think there is a lot more to be said about the term 'predisposition'.
One might be more predisposed to a mental illness for example, and yet being raised with that knowledge from parents might help to avoid any trigger points entirely.
Having a gene that predisposes us to stubbornness is more than likely overwhelmed by environmental factors which are so complex when taking into account family, friends, school, work, romance and even less obvious but likely relevant factors as strange perhaps as climate, finances and childhood injuries (or lack thereof).
Hello @mobbs,
Thanks for stopping by. As I wrote this nlog I thought of some conditions that are clearly genetic in origin. Huntington's disease, for example, is inevitable if the gene is inherited from both parents. However, even in this case, age of onset and symptoms can be affected by lifestyle.
We are complex. It's interesting to reflect on why we are the way we are, but then we have to get on with the business of living. The life we forge, for whatever reasons, is the life we will have.
I appreciate the comment and the support. Take care.
If there's a stubbornness gene, there must be an evolutionary advantage to being stubborn. That's my theory, and I'm sticking to it. 🙃
😅
Well, one can certainly see an advantage to being tenacious. However, there might be circumstances in which it isn't a good idea. After all, only 30% of all people are supposed to have the gene. Those without out (70%) seem to be doing better😆
Almost like left-handedness, it's an advantage up to a certain point (12%). Stubborness is considered a negative trait. If everyone was stubborn then nothing would get done. But if nobody was stubborn, nothing would get done.
Nature v nurture, aggggaaain. I've never thought about a stubborn gene. Makes me thing of all those heroes of various causes that don't give up, despite the odds. I give up so easily. I have to train myself to be more persistent, discovering that persistent does bring results.
I love the idea of you as a child being so wilfully stubborn. But the lure of the mountain must have been stronger than a child's desire to obey.
Indeed!!! It's fascinating to know oneself, even if studies are inconclusive.
Enjoyed this muchly.
No! My poor mother. I never had a desire to obey :)) It wasn't the lure of the mountain. I just refused to be left behind. My brothers didn't want me. I was too slow. They were cruel to me on that mountain (when I read Lord of the Flies I had a flashback😅) Later on, when I was old enough, I would explore nature by myself. That's when I fell in love with the fields, and streams.
Because of my brothers I can't go near cliffs today. Terrified of them, uncontrollably so.
Thanks so much for the kind words and for stopping by. It was a strange childhood (aren't they all, in their own way?)
Hahah oh that's funny, here I was thinking you had a romantic relationship wiht the mountain but you would have followed them anywhere, no matter the landscape - and had it ruined for you. Kids! Brothers! I had a cousin which is kinda similiar - he was horrible as a child. Mind you, he's still horrible so it's no comparision at all! Do you get along with your brothers these days?
They were children. Very young children, under the age of 10. What did they know? It was a wild place and they were just learning how to be people.
I was angry for a long time, and then I grew up😇. I love my brothers very, very much.
Aw, good stuff. Sometimes they're children until waaaaaayyyy into adulthood - glad they weren't, and glad you are close. I think you know you're an adult when you let go of anger and other emotions that serve you no good. :)
Wow, on first glance, a powerful read. I'm sure I fit somewhere in the spectrum of stubborness since like yourself, I demanded certain things of my parents when young that were totally off the chain. They acquiesced just to shut me up, especially when they didn't have an answer to in my incessantly "why" questions.
Thanks for sharing this article. I'm bookmarking it and will re-read once I get a quiet spot and time to absorb. Also, thanks for including one of my fractal art images. I appreciate it.
Take care.
!LADY
Isn't that the perfect ingredient for bloggers? We ask questions,find the answers and then write blogs about it. Obstinacy + curiosity: it works 😄
Thanks for stopping by and commenting. I hope others who read the blog see how nicely those fractals fit as accent pieces. Maybe it'll catch on.
Have the most wonderful, peaceful day, @justclickindiva
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Oh, yes, it’s interesting to work at the edge of that puzzle. Our heart is in our thinking caps, we wonder why we are the way that we are - but the reason, I think, is as you say, a combination of factors. None are more prevalent than any others, it’s our genes + our environment that works to create our individual stamp on this world. Great research and interesting reading 🤗💕❤️☕️☕️☕️☕️☕️
Hello @itsostylish, Nice to see you here.
In some cases, the answer may be clearer than in others. But even twin studies show that with the same genetic makeup, the outcome can be very different if twins are separated in early infancy.
I know therapists prefer to think that if we know why it will make a difference. But will it?
Thanks for stopping by and for your nice comments.
This is an interesting article. I don't know before that such trait exist.
If there really is a trait, my family has it strong.😄 My siblings are all also determined. This has helped them in life, because there were obstacles to overcome, and each one managed to do that.
Thank you for stopping by and reading, @jsalvage . Much appreciated.
Trait in a family is purely inevitable and this is a character that is associated with it. Your family must be strong like you mentioned above. Smile
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Stubbornness my long time companion 😂
It has given me a lot of experiences, both good and bad.
I love this post, even though it didn't clarify if I did have the stubbornness gene. I do have a lot more questions in my mind
Hence now I'll make sure to always check in the mirror Incase I do start to turn green😂😂
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